CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUNDEducation became the foundation for the advancement of a nation in free market competition with all its problems. As
has been argued that the history of education of a community / nation,
has formed a special character or a national character in question,
which is often called the national identity. Through
the process of education, national character or national identity is
nurtured and developed so that a nation can manifest advantages and
strengths compared to other nations. And
through the process of education, a nation trying to achieve progress
in various areas of their lives, both in the economic, social,
political, military, science, technology, and other areas of life in the
cultural life of the other. Through the educational process as well, a nation trying to achieve certain goals planned.
B. THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM1. What is education?2. How view educational purposes by M.J. Langeveld, Ki Hajar Dewantoro, John Dewey, JJ.Rousseau?3. Starting from when phase / periodization of education?
C. PURPOSE and OBJECTIVES1. Knowing and understanding more about the importance of pendidika2.Mengetahui and understand the purpose of education by MJ Langevald, Kihajar Dewantoro, John Dewey, JJ. Rousseau?3. know the phase / periodization in demanding education.
CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION
A. UNDERSTANDING EDUCATIONEtymologically foreign terms that are often used to interpret the word education is; pedagogie (Greek), and education (Latin). Pedagogie word itself is a series of two Greek words: PIAs (children) and ago (my guide). Thus pedagogie mean my guiding children. Meanwhile,
according to Khursyid Ahmad said education comes from the Latin word,
e, ex (out) means to get out, and ducare duc (organize, lead, give up). So that education has the meaning of gathering and conveying information (lesson), and channel / pull talent out. In the practice of education, activities such as organizing, leading and directing talents of children is a major activity.In
contrast to developed countries or countries that have long modern
growth and development to become a prosperous country prosperous and
strong, both economic, social, political, cultural, and so forth; then
countries is growing, according to the his
nickname, was just starting to rise organize the development of various
aspects of life, both economically, socially, culturally. Politics, science and technology, and so on. Some characteristics of countries that are developing are:1) Politically, it is generally a new experience of freedom or escape from western colonialism.2) Economically, the generally poor and is still heavily dependent on natural resources.3) Demographically, generally densely populated, with a population growth rate due to high birth.4) In culture, sturdy stick to the traditional cultural heritage from generation to generation. These
features, of course, a lot of influence, if it can not be said to
define the shape and development of the education system. In
the framework of national development, the nations that are developing
these in general are focusing attention on the development of the
education system
national, in the sense that characters that exist in the nation in question, the basis for educational policies.While
the terminological point of view, the opinion of experts is quite
diverse education in providing educational sense, and in fact, the
notion pendidikanini always progressing, although essentially not too
much different, here are some understanding of education proposed by the
experts.1. LangeveldEducation
is every business, influence, protection and assistance provided to the
child drawn to the maturation of the child, or rather help children do
their job quite capable themselves. The
influence comes from adults or (or created by adults such as a school,
the book, the daily round of life, and so on) and geared to minors.2. John DeweyEducation
is the process of establishing the fundamental abilities intellectually
and emotionally toward nature and fellow humans.3. Ki Hajar DewantaraEducation
is the guidance on the growth of children's lives, while the meaning of
education is guided every klekuatan nature that exist in children, so
that they are as human beings and as members of society and it can be
reached safety the highest happiness.From
some sense or educational boundaries provided by experts, although
semantically different, but the essential elements are unity or factors
contained therein, namely that the notion of education shows a process
of counseling, guidance or leadership in which there are elements elements such as educators, students, goals and so on.B. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVESAbout the purpose of education, can not not invite us to talk about the purpose of life, the goal of human life. Because education is a tool used by men to maintain the continuation of life (survival) both as individuals and as a society. Man
in an attempt to maintain the continuation of his life, trying to pass
on cultural values from one generation to the next. Thus, people can live forever. But
not only is it the function of education; function of education to
another is the development of innate potential or the potential of
nature that exist in individuals, that can be used by itself, and so on
by the community. To face the environmental challenges in the ever-changing times. As
the sense development of children in school, causing children can
create modern tools to address, for example: floods, earthquakes, cold,
wind pickaxe, volcanic eruption, a long distance, and others, with create tools and modern technology to answer tantangandan menaggulangi these problems. Example given, is to prove that education is the tool used to maintain the continuity of human life. Thus, the goal of education should proceed from the purpose of human life.What
is the purpose of life, or what do we live, has caused answers and
worldviews different: but Islam gave a firm answer on this, which is as
defined in the Qur'an, letter of Adz Dzariyat 56, which means : It is I created the jinn and mankind except that they worship (serve) to Me. The purpose of human life according to the teachings of Islam is "to serve or worship to God" or worship to God. " In general worship God means doing what God assigned him to the best of best, with full responsibility. Operationally,
worship is defined as "mengembangkaan properties arau the names of
God's beautiful in man, and the names of the beautiful God in man, the
man is able to carry out the duties of the caliphate on earth. (See the letter of Al An'am, verse 165). Worship and a caliph in the earth "is the purpose of human life according to the teachings of Islam.The
purpose of life is at the Muslim educational purposes according to the
teachings of Islam, or Islamic educational purposes, throughout its
history, from the time of the Prophet. until now.Goals
or objectives of education above it can be translated into operational
sillabus and subjects taught at all levels of education, ranging from
low-level, intermediate and college, even in educational institutions or
non-formal educational institutions outside the school .Education is the gateway progress of a nation and civilization. Successful education and advanced it is definitely done with the process and methodology better established. Meanwhile,
according to Ki Hajar Dewantara (the father of the Indonesian national
education, 1889-1959) explains the meaning of education: "education
generally means the power to memajukakn character (the character, inner
strength), mind (Intelect).In
the Indonesian Dictionary, 1991:232, on Understanding Education, which
comes from the word "students", then word gets prefix of the word "me"
so as to "educate" means to maintain and provide training.1. M. J, LangeveldIn relation to education stage-tahapantujuan, M. J,
Langeveld classifies educational objectives into: general purpose,
objectives incomplete, incidental purpose, goals and objectives while
intermediaries.a) General PurposeThe general objective is also called with the final, complete objectives and goals total. Called the ultimate goal, because it is the end goal of any educational endeavor. Called
a complete destination, because it is the main purpose of the purposes
below, meaning that every goal in education should lead to a common
goal. It said the total goal, because to achieve this goal directs all the power and capabilities.b) Special PurposeThe
specific objective is a more detailed explanation of the purpose of a
special umum.tujuan made in order to facilitate the achievement of
specific objectives umum.tujuan is usually prepared by considering the
conditions specified circumstances distinction. For
example, the ideals of a nation's development, the task of educational
institutions of education level, the child's ability level, and others.c)
the purpose is not lengkaTujuan incomplete educational purposes only
partially directed at aspects; artistic, educational
intelektualketerampilan.tujuan incomplete in should stay bberlandaskan
on educational goals can not walk Senndiri umum.jadi own.d) The purpose incidentalThe purpose insedentildisebut immediate objectives or goals also appears sesaat.tujuanBy
coincidence, a sudden or abrupt, and it is only sesaat.misalnya, aim to
hold or to provide a variety of entertainment in the lives of school
field trip were held to certain places. With demikan incidental purpose has been completed if the activities in the plan has been implemented.e) goal whileSemetara
purpose is educational goals to be achieved in face-specific face of
the educational process, for example, children are given reading and
writing. If the child has been good at reading and writing objectives have been achieved while. but
not up here actually, because children are taught to read and write so
that he can study literature also ada.inipun temporary purpose. So much so until it finally boils down to the final destination (general)f) The purpose intermediariesThe
purpose intermediate or intermediate goal is the goal of education is
the means to achieve the goals lain.misalnya, students in the given
language lessons arab.tujuanya was so he could menaalah books written in
Arabic. Dition, learn Arabic simply as a tool / means that students are able to learn from the literature in Arabic.2. Kihajar DewantoroThe
purpose of education according to Kihajar Dewantoro is "self-control"
because this is where education humanize humans (humanization). Self-control is a step that must be addressed to achieve human mamanusiakan education. When all students are able to control themselves, they will be able to also determine its position. Thus will grow independent and mature attitude. In
the concept of Ki Hajar Dewantara education there are 2 things that
should be distinguished from the system of teaching and education should
synergism with each other. Teaching is liberating human beings from outer aspects of life (poverty and ignorance). And indeed, the purpose of education is achieved excellence in their students lives.3. John DeweyAccording to John Dewey that any business or purpose of education is a means to achieve other goals of higher education. John Dewey emphasized the achievement of the means to achieve higher goals.4. JJ.RousseauJJ. Rousesau found at the base (origin) of his humans the good, be bad (evil) because of the influence of environment. Basic education according to Rousseau is the nature and purpose of education is to form an independent free man. The
nature of education is individualistic and the individual (child)
should be kept away from the influence of society and even kept away
from his parents. The
results of his thought of the book Le Contract Social contains state
science and Emile containing how to educate children into adulthood
good.
C. PHASE / periodization ISLAMIC EDUCATIONIn
this section are some things that will be discussed include Islamic
education during preconception, prenatal period of Islamic education,
Islamic education infancy, childhood education, Islamic education
adolescence, adulthood education. Islamic Education preconception periodPreconception
education is the beginning of a marriage or collectively, the mate
selection, that is, when a man looking for a woman who can work in a
foster home happy. Also
a woman looking for a husband who has high intelligence because
intelligence is the primary means to obtain success in society. (Kartono, 1977: 204). Selection of the candidate's wife or husband based on certain criteria affect offspring because children's education. This is in accordance with the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. as cited by Muhammad Ali Qutb (1993: 2): choose (future wife) for a sperm because descent was very influential.
Islamic education during prenatalThis period lasted from meeting the egg of a mother. With spermatozoid a father until the baby is born perfect. Prenatal period is very important because it is the beginning of life.At this time, the fetus is closely associated with his mother. Therefore,
a mother is obliged to maintain its contents, among others, by eating
nutritious foods, avoid collisions, keeping the emotions and feelings of
sadness that a prolonged stay away from alcohol, and many more things
that must be considered by a mother during pregnancy. (Nawawi, 1993: 151).Faith formation should begin in the womb, in line with the growth of personality. Various
psychiatric expert observation suggests that the fetus is in the womb
can have the effect of attitudes and emotional state of the mother who
conceived him. It
is visible in the psychiatric care, where family circumstances when the
child in the womb, have an influence on the mental health of the fetus
in the future. (Zakiah Daradjat, 1995: 55)
infancy Islamic EducationInfancy runs from age 0 to 3 years. After
the child is born, it is necessary to prayer echoed ear, so that was
the first experience of hearing through the core of monotheism sentence
recognition and glory of Allah and Muhammad's prophethood. Doctrine to victory and calls to worship ends with the statement and the majesty and the oneness of God. Newborns
did not understand the meaning of the word "monotheism" in prayer, but
the basis of faith and Islam have entered into the heart. In the view of Islam, humans since birth has been equipped by God with a religious nature. Islamic Education childhoodChildhood education takes place at the age of 3 to 12 years. At the age of 3-6 years, children have the egocentric nature of (royalty). Therefore,
he was in the center of the display of children with challenging fun
attitude or reject anything that comes from the people around him. Therefore, parents should be patient in educating their children. (Daradjat, 1995: 155).Developments during this period lasts from 3-12 years of age and the children are divided into three phases, as follows:a) Beginning in childhoodAt the beginning of this period around the age of up to five years. Progress is marked by the emergence of egocentric attitude in every child. This period is also called the small adolescence. This period was also the very first crisis requires patience and wisdom bsertindak of parents as educators. Parents
should not impose its will on the children, but in children the habit
should be cultivated to do something nice and introduced discipline. (Nawawi, 1993: 155).When
viewed from the religious aspect, in this age children do not have the
religious consciousness, but he has the potential psychological and
basics of life with God. The
development of religious consciousness and the children are very
influenced by the belief, attitude, and behavior of their parents. (Ahyadi, 1988: 40).
b) Mid-childhoodThis period lasted from 6 to 9 years. This
period is very important for laying the basis for further development
through schools or madrasas as educational institutions. At
this time, the child is initially targeted at himself and is
self-centered start focused on the outside world, especially the
behavior of the people around him, courtesy, and manner of behaving in
accordance with the home and school environment. (Ahyadi, 1988: 43).
c) End of childThis period lasted at age 9 to 12 years. The
period is a continuation of the previous period are characterized by
various psychological aspects of maturity required to be able to
participate in formal education.
adolescence Islamic EducationThis period lasted from age 12 to 21 years consisting of three phases, as follows:
a) The pre-teenThis phase lasts from age 12 to 15 years. This phase is characterized by increasing social attitudes in children. Symptoms are dominant in this period is a pervasive tendency to compete among peers and the same sex. In
this period there is a very good chance to help the child, as well as
the science and technology in accordance with the level of intellectual
development. Also fosters a sense of responsibility and respect for the values, especially those derived from the religion of Islam. In
a simple concept, children need to be introduced to the meaning or
intent of some of God's word about responsible attitudes and abilities
in life. (Nawawi, 1993: 165).
b) PubertyThis period lasted until dengan18 at age 15 years. This period is the final step for the individual in preparing him to become an independent adult. In
this phase many children in crisis, but the crisis was not felt since
the early heavy if children and young people have lived in a family that
puts the teachings of Islam as a guide. If
the teen has been embedded within religious values then as believers,
he will always be able to address the problems of life, whether that
comes from within and from outside.
c) The end of adolescenceThis period takes place between the ages of 18 to 21 years and is also called early adulthood. At
this time, the establishment and development of a personal moral system
in line with the growth of the individual religious experience. Through
religious consciousness and experience of the deity, teens will
eventually find its Lord means finding keperibadiaannya. (Ahyadi, 1988: 48).
adulthood Islamic EducationAt the age of consent is usually a person already has a mature personality trait. They
already have a responsibility to the value system of his choice, good
value system derived from religious norms or who are in life, or
religion.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
Education
every nation must have an ideology, values, ideals, vision, and methods
to achieve the faithful develop the nation and country. Thus,
education is not merely a process of knowledge transfer and encourage
students to make preparations to answer repeated statement when the
season arrives. However,
there are four basic domains that must be understood and made reference
to any process of education in Indonesia, namely that each student
knows and understands her potential so feel steady later on when
choosing a direction that suits their talents and interests. Second, know the character and potential of the potential to be maintained and developed. Third, understand the History of nation and identity to be maintained his honor and his people prospered. Fourth,
teachers and students also need to have regional-global insight though
briefly about what is and will happen at the international level.
written by: Ernawati, dkk
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